Manmohan Singh was an Indian politician, economist, and bureaucrat who served as the 13th Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. He was the fourth longest-serving prime minister, after Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, and Narendra Modi. Manmohan Singh was the first Sikh Prime Minister of India. He was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.
Early Life and Education
Manmohan Singh was born on September 26, 1932, in Gah, West Punjab (now in Pakistan). He came from a family of Punjabi Sikh traders of Khatri background. His parents were Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur. His mother died when he was very young. His paternal grandmother, Jamna Devi, raised him.
Manmohan Singh began his education in his birthplace, Gah, a small village in Punjab (now in Pakistan). He attended the local Urdu-medium upper-primary school in Peshawar. After the Partition of India in 1947, his family moved to Haldwani, India. Later, his family relocated to Amritsar, where he continued his studies at Hindu College.
Manmohan Singh pursued his education in Economics at Panjab University, earning both his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively. He then went on to study at the University of Cambridge, completing his Economics Tripos in 1957. He was a member of St John's College. After returning to India, he served as a teacher at Panjab University. In 1960, he went to the University of Oxford for his DPhil, where he was a member of Nuffield College. His 1962 doctoral thesis, supervised by Ian Little, was titled 'India's Export Performance, 1951–1960: Export Prospects and Policy Implications' and later became the basis for his book India's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth.
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